For treating industrial processes, boiler feed water, and cooling tower makeup water, water reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the most cost-effective methods that are used. Reverse osmosis can be used to produce de-mineralized water and it even disposes of hazardous chemicals. Various factors need to be taken into account during the design process of an industrial RO system to operate at maximum efficiency. Microbiological Contaminants: Microbiological contaminants that are trapped in the membrane of a reverse osmosis system can lead to fouling and a loss of production capacity. While working with RO and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes there is a requirement of Industrial Water Purification to be done. This is due to the nature of their spiral-wound design, which through the system allows water to flow one way. To control microbiological growth biocide may need to be added to feed water. Temperature and Flow Rate: There is a variation in water temperature with the flux rate or rate at which water passes through a membrane. Compared to cold water the flow of warm water will be much quicker through the membrane of a reverse osmosis system. For this reason, to maintain constant flow regardless of water temperature there is a specified variable frequency drive (VFD) on larger RO systems. During the design of a reverse osmosis system and pretreatment equipment, water temperature and flow rate parameters need to be taken into consideration. Pretreatment: Chlorine which is an important part of disinfecting municipal water can deteriorate reverse osmosis membranes. Activated carbon filtration of reverse osmosis is used to achieve de-chlorination. Scaling can be prevented from calcium and magnesium carbonates by doing pretreatment of feed water with a cation exchange water softener or chemical Antiscalant but everything depends on the water hardness level. Water Source: On the overall design of the Industrial RO System, the source of feedwater for industrial reverse osmosis has one of the greatest impacts. Water obtained from a source that is stable in composition and temperature, such as a groundwater supply, will however need a simpler pretreatment process compared to water that is derived from a seasonal or more complex water source, such as surface water or wastewater. Main source: rotekwatershop.seesaa.net/
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